CRYPTO 1983

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TO BE DISCOVERED? BERNARD HEUVELMANS Verlhiac, Saint-Chamassy, 24260 Le Bugue, France [TRANSLATED BY PAUL H. LEBLOND Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia,

BERNARD HEUVELMANS Verlhiac, Saint-Chamassy, 24260 Le Bugue, France [TRANSLATED BY PAUL H. LEBLOND Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1 W5, Canada}

Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1 W5, Canada} ABSTRACT: Although it is impossible to count the number of organisms which remain undiscovered, and which, according to some, might not even exist, the study of the past discovery of new spe

To gain some idea of the number of animal species yet to be discovered, one must identify and count, in each of the maj or zoological groups, those species which have been discovered over the centuries; in this way, one may CRYPTOZOOLOGY

measure the rate at which new species have been found. It is first necessary, however, to find a method of classifying all of these species in some con venient way, reflecting, if possible, the natural organization of the animal In his Systema naturae, where he introduced a classification of living

The reader would obtain a good appreciation of the richness and diversity of the animal world from the outline of a recently proposed zoological classification. This classification, neither too revolutionary nor outmoded, is based on that presented by L. H. Hyman, an American invertebrate zoologist,

The layman dreaming of zoological adventures, the amateur naturalist, and indeed all those who may be keen to explore the animal world but have not delved into the many detours and labyrinths of the zoological sciences, may rest assured: they may immediately forget this unappealing inventory, this r

It soon became apparent that there exist "deviant" animals, which do not correspond to the definition of their name: exclusively aquatic amphibians; reptiles which, far from crawling, run, j ump and even fly; birds which cannot fly; and mammals without real breasts. Such "deviants" usually exhibit m

Limiting ourselves to the present century, we shall briefly review the most dramatic revolutions which occurred in the classification of animals. The order which we shall follow is that of the phyla listed above. In 1 9 5 9 , a completely new type, requiring the creation of a new family, was added t

Even more extraordinary, almost unthinkable, would be the discovery of a whole unknown phylum of the animal kingdom. But that is precisely what happened not very long ago. This astounding revelation was the result of a gradual process. In 1 9 1 4, Maurice Caullery had given the name Siboglinum weber

BUT NOTHING REVOLUTIONARY To find readj ustmen ts of comparable magnitude in the classific

To find readj ustmen ts of comparable magnitude in the classific modern land vertebrates, one must go back

It is now possible to calculate, with a fairly satisfactory degree of approx imation, the number of new species which one should expect to discover in the decades to come. This calculation is based on the number of species already known. We do not know, of course, and have no means of knowing exact

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Taking into account all the data at my disposal - and there are surely others - ! have tried to show graphically the gradual enrichment of some of the main groups in the animal kingdom (Fig. 3), and in particular of the various classes of vertebrates (Fig. 4). To ensure uniformity, I have had to fol

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CH INA FRANK E. POIRIER Department of A nthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432 1 0, U.S.A. Hu HONGXING

FRANK E. POIRIER Department of A nthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432 1 0, U.S.A. Hu HONGXING Division of Science Research Information, Wuhan University,

Department of A nthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432 1 0, U.S.A. Hu HONGXING Division of Science Research Information, Wuhan University, Wuchang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China

Division of Science Research Information, Wuhan University, Wuchang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China CHUNG- M IN CHEN Department of A nthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432 1 0, U.S.A.

Department of A nthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432 1 0, U.S.A. ABSTRACT: Wildman investigations were conducted in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, in 1 98 2 . The distribution of Wildman reports, current research, the so-called "monkey babies," morphological traits

Wildman reports come mainly from three areas of China: Szechwan, Kwei chou (Guizhou) and H ubei Provinces. Zhou ( 1 9 8 2) states that encounters with Wildman have also been reported in Yunnan, Shanxi, Zhej iang, Fuj ien and Anhui Provinces, and the Autonomous Regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. Szechwa

Shen Nong Jia, one of the largest forest reserves in central China, is home for many forms of wildlife, including several species of rare birds, many forms of cats, the wolf, the black bear, a number of kinds of deer and wild goats, and two species of macaque monkey (the rhesus and stump-tailed maca

been captured since 1 949. Chinese scientists are unable to explain this ap parently high incidence of albinism. A search for radioactive emissions, for example, has proved inconclusive. Poirier and Davidson ( 1 9 79) reported a high incidence of albino monkeys (Macaca cyclopis, the Taiwan macaque)

Perhaps the first recorded Wildman report was made over 2,000 years ago when the statesman-poet Qu Yuan made frequent references in his poems to the "Shangui" (mountain ogres). Seven centuries later, during the T'Ang Dynasty (A. D. 6 1 8-907), the historian Li Yanshow described a band of Wildmen in

An answer to this question relies upon reconstructions of eyewitness ac counts. There are no live specimens, no photographs, and no reliable sci- He was about seven feet tall, with shoulders wider than a man's, a sloping forehead, deep set eyes and a bulbous nose with slightly upturned nostrils. H

Let us now take a closer look at some of the specific criticisms of stated facts about Wildman. POIRIER ET AL.: THE EVI DENCE FOR WI LDMAN "Monkey babies". - The so-called "monkey baby," the result o f a reputed

Cryptozoology, 2, 1 983, 40-5 2

REEVALUATION OF THE SIGHTING BY BARADIIN M ICHAEL H EANEY Department of Catalogues, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England OXJ 3BG, U.K. ABSTRAcr: Research into the Almas, a supposed man-like creature of Mongolia

M ICHAEL H EANEY Department of Catalogues, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England OXJ 3BG, U.K. ABSTRAcr: Research into the Almas, a supposed man-like creature of Mongolia and Central Asia, is said to have begun when Badzar Baradiin saw one while on an

Department of Catalogues, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England OXJ 3BG, U.K. ABSTRAcr: Research into the Almas, a supposed man-like creature of Mongolia and Central Asia, is said to have begun when Badzar Baradiin saw one while on an expedition to Tibet in 1 906. The sighting was said to have been repo

1 9 5 9 Old Literary Evidence for the Existence of the "Snow Man" in Tibet and Mongolia. 1 960 Correspondence. Man, 33, 1 94. Department of A nthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A.

Archive of Orientalists of the Leningrad Section of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Arkhiv Vostokovedov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Instituta Vostokovedeniya Akademii Nauk SSSR: abbreviated AV).

unexpected, as well as potentially too significant, to base any firm conclusions on unverified accounts. If we accepted every creature that is supported by the testimony of ten or more claimed sightings, then we would have a truly unwieldy zoological inventory of mostly unclassifiable creatures, inc

In overall morphology, these prints resemble human feet, considerably expanded. Individual footprints vary in size due to differences in depth of imprinting, motions of the foot in stepping, and apparently from flexibility of the padding in the sole. The primary individual under consideration here l

I have already alluded to the dermal ridges and sweat pores that charac terize friction skin on the palms and soles of all higher primates, and not of other mammals. These ridges are clearly evident in the three casts in ques tion. They cover most of the toe areas, and can be seen in scattered par

Thus far, every specialist who has examined these casts agrees that their detailed anatomy has all the characteristics and appearance of being derived from an imprint of primate skin. These now include thirty police fingerprint CRYPTOZOOLOGY

SIGHTING IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC PAUL H . LEBLOND Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1 W5, Canada ABSTRACT: A casual conversation has resulted in a new, previously unreported

PAUL H . LEBLOND Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1 W5, Canada ABSTRACT: A casual conversation has resulted in a new, previously unreported "sea serpent" sighting being introduced into the historical record. Captain J. Koop

MARINE CROCODI LIANS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN "SEA SERPENT" REPORTS ERIC BUFFETAUT Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology, University of Paris VI, 4, place Jussieu,

ERIC BUFFETAUT Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology, University of Paris VI, 4, place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France ABSTRACT: Reports of "sea serpents" often mention that these animals move by

Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology, University of Paris VI, 4, place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France ABSTRACT: Reports of "sea serpents" often mention that these animals move by vertical undulations of the body. It has been pointed out that, among living verte

FIG. ! . - Reconstructions of two Jurassic thalattosuchians. A: the teleosaurid Steneosaurus. B: the metriorhynchid Metriorhynchus. Each animal could reach a length of about 4 meters. leontological studies ( 1 962, 1 9 67a, 1 9 6 7b, 1 9 6 8) on J urassic marine croc odilians belonging to two famil

Cryptozoology. 2, 1 98 3 , 90-97

JOHN COLARUSSO Department of A nthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton. Ontario L8S 4L9, Canada Dmitri Bayanov has pointed to folklore as an important source of possible relict hominoid creatures. He suggests that one may . infr

Department of A nthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton. Ontario L8S 4L9, Canada Dmitri Bayanov has pointed to folklore as an important source of possible relict hominoid creatures. He suggests that one may . infr information

UNKNOWN ANIMALS IN LOCH NESS }AMES E. KJNG AND J. RICHARD GREENWELL Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 8572 1 , U.S.A. ABSTRACT: Three hundred American and Canadian Ph.D. -level scientists, in

}AMES E. KJNG AND J. RICHARD GREENWELL Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 8572 1 , U.S.A. ABSTRACT: Three hundred American and Canadian Ph.D. -level scientists, in cluding 1 00 biological limnologists and oceanographers, were surveyed on their

Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 8572 1 , U.S.A. ABSTRACT: Three hundred American and Canadian Ph.D. -level scientists, in cluding 1 00 biological limnologists and oceanographers, were surveyed on their attitudes toward the existence of supposed unknown animals i

MOKELE-MBEMBE EXPEDITION MARCELLIN AGNAGNA Zoological Park of Brazzaville, Ministry of Water and Forests, P. O. Box 2429, Brazzaville, People's Republic of the Congo INTRODUCTION

MARCELLIN AGNAGNA Zoological Park of Brazzaville, Ministry of Water and Forests, P. O. Box 2429, Brazzaville, People's Republic of the Congo INTRODUCTION Interest in the existence of an extraordinary animal called Mokele-Mbembe

Zoological Park of Brazzaville, Ministry of Water and Forests, P. O. Box 2429, Brazzaville, People's Republic of the Congo INTRODUCTION Interest in the existence of an extraordinary animal called Mokele-Mbembe has continued since the two recent American-Congolese expeditions (see

E CH EL L E : 1/ 40. 000 M i S S i o N J. G- R M.J i N

AND CU LTURAL AFFINITIES OF THE RI The results obtained by the first Congolese expedition confirm those of the prior American expeditions, one headed by Roy Mackal, and the other dertake a new expedition, on a larger scale and involving more competent individuals. Adequate means, both material and f

The results obtained by the first Congolese expedition confirm those of the prior American expeditions, one headed by Roy Mackal, and the other dertake a new expedition, on a larger scale and involving more competent individuals. Adequate means, both material and financial, would have to be provided

Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, U.S.A. J. RICHARD GREENWELL P. O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 857 33, U.S.A. GALE J . RAYMOND

P. O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 857 33, U.S.A. GALE J . RAYMOND P. O. Box 35666, Houston, Texas 7 7 235, U.S.A. KURT VON N IEDA 1 2036 West Washington Blvd. , Los A ngeles, California 90066, U.S.A.

P. O. Box 35666, Houston, Texas 7 7 235, U.S.A. KURT VON N IEDA 1 2036 West Washington Blvd. , Los A ngeles, California 90066, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION

1 2036 West Washington Blvd. , Los A ngeles, California 90066, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Between mid-June and mid-July, 1 9 8 3 , the authors conducted fieldwork on the east coast of central and southern New Ireland, an island province

+ AT L OW T I D E + AP PROX \ M ().I E LOCA-TIONS

P. O. Box 2 1 34, Wilton, New York 1 2866, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION The Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) continued its work in 1 9 8 3 in an attempt to identify the community of unknown animals in

Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology University of Paris VI 4, place Jussieu Paris 75230, Cedex 05, France

Office of Endangered Species Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240, U. S.A. A Geo-Bibliography ofA nomalies: Primary Access to Observations of UFOs,

Mollusca Section Department of Natural History Royal Scottish Museum Edinburgh, Scotland EH l l JK, U . K. BOOK REVIEWS

7 36 West Jacinto St. Tucson, A rizona 85 705, U. S.A . Comments and Res p onses Cryptozoology, 2, 1 983, 1 47- 1 7 1

CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 1 - 1 2) In his introductory article "What Is Cryptozoology?" Bernard Heuvelmans draws a number of interesting and valid parallels between cryptozoology and paleontology. His argument for the recognition of cryptozoological data

are necessary for the scientific study of such species. If there is sufficient evidence to permit the description of a cryptozoological species, a named taxon can legitimately be established on that evidence, and a classification of that taxon into the scheme of known animals can be attempted. The s

(Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol . 1 : 1 - 1 2) First, there may be a problem concerning j ust what cryptozoology is, or should be. I will try to explain my hesitation. The name "cryptozoology" itself is perhaps unfortunate because it is am biguous. The word "cryptozoa" has long been used

Department of Biology The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637, U. S.A. (Leigh M. Van Valen is a paleobiologist.) GOLDEN MONKEYS, MACAQUES, AND WILDMAN

(Comment on Zhou, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 1 3-2 3) Zhou provides an interesting discussion ofWildman reports in the People's Republic of China. Such reports have circulated for at least 2,000 years, and have lately received attention in some American magazines, such as Top ping's uncritical report

(Comment on Wagner, Cryptozoology, Vol . 1 : 3 3-3 9) Roy Wagner has presented us with extremely interesting reports of mer maid-like creatures off a remote island in Papua New Guinea. These reports pose challenging questions on two levels. In this respect, they are not unique. Many such reports po

Tuna and Billfish Programme South Pacific Commission Noumea, New Caledonia (John Sibert is a Canadian marine biologist. The views expressed above are his own, and not those of either the Tuna and Billfish Programme or the

(Comment on Wagner, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 3 3-3 9) I found Roy Wagner's article "The Ri- Unidentified Aquatic Animals of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea" interesting. It is an account, however, that relies entirely on second-hand information. The description of the au thor's actually seeing a Ri mu

Division of Mammals National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560, U. S.A . (James Mead is a marine mammalogist. See Field Report by Wagner et al.

(Comment on Bauer, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 40-4 5) In Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion, there is a chapter on "The World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads" (see Walter Lippmann, 1 922, Public Opinion, Harcourt, Brace, and Co. , New York). This contrast, between what is actually happening in the

(Comment on Bauer, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 40-45 ) Bauer's findings infer that newspaper science writers strongly mold public attitudes toward science. Although I cannot quote any figures, I suspect that one should also include those who write and edit popular science magazines (Discover, etc.) and

(Comment on Bauer, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 40-4 5 ) Bauer's first sentence comparing Nessie's public image t o mermaids or unicorns is far too strong and overstates the case. Almost nobody, in the last hundred years, has seriously suggested that the classical mermaid or unicorn concepts represent re

Department of Biology The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 6063 7, U. S.A . (Roy Mackal was Scientific Director of the now defunct Loch Ness Phenom ena Investigation Bureau in the 1 960 's.)

(Comment on Bauer, Cryptozoology, Vol . 1 : 40-45) As far as I can j udge, Bauer is aiming to conclude that the press has lost interest in Nessie, and that the subject is kept alive by books such as those of Dinsdale and Witchell. With this I would agree. He also makes the case, at least by inferenc

Weston House Albury, Guilford Surrey G U5 9AE, U.K. (Maurice Burton is a mammalogist and former Deputy Keeper at the British Museum [Natural History].)

(Maurice Burton is a mammalogist and former Deputy Keeper at the British Museum [Natural History].) HOMINOLOGY: A REALISTIC RESPONSE TO A REALIST (Comment on Bayanov, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 46-48) Dmitri Bayanov calls for a dialogue between "realists" and "folklorists"

(Comment on Bayanov, Cryptozoology, Vol. 1 : 46-48) Dmitri Bayanov calls for a dialogue between "realists" and "folklorists" in the study of beliefs and reports regarding such phenomena as the supposed Sasquatch of northwestern North America (which he refers to as hominol ogy). I certainly agree wi

Department of A nthropology Portland State University Portland, Oregon 97 207, U. S.A . (Wayne Suttles is a cultural anthropologist. See the article by John Colarusso elsewhere in this issue which addresses the same questions raised by Ba