CRYPTO 1986

INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

ANIMALS WITH WHICH CRYPTOZOOLOGY IS CONCERNED SUBMISSON§: All manusctjpts and editorial corresponde_nce should be addressed to: J. Richard reenwell, Editor, Cryptozoolog/, P 0. BoX143070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A. Manuscripts must conform to the r appropriate sty e and-format {see-mstJiUctions

SUBMISSON§: All manusctjpts and editorial corresponde_nce should be addressed to: J. Richard reenwell, Editor, Cryptozoolog/, P 0. BoX143070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A. Manuscripts must conform to the r appropriate sty e and-format {see-mstJiUctions o?- insider-back co'(er). Articles will be re

1Hmn ldetification Laboratory' 1 Anon' State Mueum The Univcprsity of Ariona / Tuclon, Atizo1;1a 85721, U.S.A.

CRYPTOZOOLOGY TABLE 1.-Breakdown of apparently unknown marine animals with which cryptozoology is concerned, and their most probable position, determined as accurately as possible, within the zoological system (Cl.=Class; 0. =Order; So.=Suborder).

Unknown species of cetaceans for which no specimens have ever been • A high-finned sperm-whale, 60 feet in length, said to have been frequently seen about the Shetland Islands in the 1 7th century. ! t was obsrvd 1 692 as Physeter tursio (Huvelmans 1 96 5b: 28, 1 96 8 : 37).

(1) In Cold Temperate Lakes and Rivers Like all animals, marine ones excepted, freshwater forms should be clas sified according to the zoogeographic regions they inhabit. However, the alternate method of grouping them according to the main zones of temper ature, as done here, has the advantage of

(1) In Europe (Palearctic Region) • Wild hairy men, most probably Neanderthals having survived into historical times. Known as satyrs in classical antiquity- a name borrowed from the Hebrew se'ir ("the hairy one") -and as wudewasa ("wood being") in the Middle Ages, they were reported until the 1 3th

JAMES A. HEWKIN1 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Forest Grove, Oregon 971 16, U.S.A. ABsTRAcr: Unpublicized Sasquatch investigations were conducted in remote areas of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, and other areas of the Pacific Northwest,

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Forest Grove, Oregon 971 16, U.S.A. ABsTRAcr: Unpublicized Sasquatch investigations were conducted in remote areas of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, and other areas of the Pacific Northwest, over a 1 0-year period beginning in 1 973. Various forms of evidenc

Before intervention by man, the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains were dominated by dense stands of old-growth coniferous foreJsts. Now there are hundreds of thousands of acres of timberland growing into diverse plant communities of second-growth forest. Forestlands are replanted with co nife

Rock piles and pits. - One of the most revealing Sasquatch sightings re ported took place in the Oregon Cascades in 1 96 7 . A logger described the HEWKIN: INVESTIGATING SASQUATCH EVIDENCE activities of what he thought was a family of three Sasquatches (two adults

activities of what he thought was a family of three Sasquatches (two adults and an infant) as they searched for hibernating rodents on a rocky ridge, digging up rocks and piling them up, finding nests of rodents, and eating them on the spot (Green 1 968). On September 3, 1 97 3 , I located this site

The evidence cited above tends to support the existence of an animal which has been named Sasquatch. This information may aid other investi gators, and stimulate searches for evidence. Although only a few footprints were located, these few lend support to the many hundreds of others reported over t

IMPLICATIONS FOR CRYPTOZOOLOGY PETER F. BRUSSARD Department of Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 5971 7, U.S.A. ABsTRACT: Species populations normally have considerable capacity to resist

PETER F. BRUSSARD Department of Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 5971 7, U.S.A. ABsTRACT: Species populations normally have considerable capacity to resist threats to their survival. However, very small populations, and hence, very rare

certainty. Uncertain environmental factors range from maj or catastrophes (e.g., fires, earthquakes, major storms, pandemic disease, etc.) to mildly unpredictable environmental variation, such as year-to-year changes in weather patterns. Uncertain demographic factors include random variations in sex

In the most general terms, a population's short- and mid-term survival potential is determined primarily by its resilience and its fitness. Resilience refers to a population's ability to survive in the face of normal birth and death events, which in tum are determined by the species' reproductive po

Demographers usually model population growth by variations of two basic equations. The first is exponential growth:

In addition to random demographic factors, genetic uncertainty can threat en population viability as well. Genetic uncertainty refers to random changes in a population's genetic makeup which have deleterious effects on the ability of individuals to survive and reproduce, as well as on the capacity

According to current theory in population biology, the risk of extinction of a population depends on the number of individuals the habitat can support (K), its per capita birth rate, its rate of growth (r), the variability of its growth rate (Vi and Ve), and its genetically effective size (Ne). Alth

CoLIN P. GROVES Department ofAnthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C. T. 2601, Australia A.BsTRAcr: Questions surrounding the supposed Yahoo, Yowie, or supposed wild man of south-eastern Australia are examined in light of what is known of the

Bayanov ( 1 9 8 5 : 1 09) states that Australia "is known to have originally been populated by only two species of maj or placental mammals, Homo sapiens and his dingo dog." Perhaps the meaning of "major" is in question here. According to the most recent compilation (Strahan 1 98 3), plus a few subs

unknown creature need not have been manlike, would therefore seem to have extra cards up his sleeve unknown even to himselfl What is true, however, is that combining large size with terrestrial habitat really would restrict the choice to marsupials. At the present time, the largest known terrestrial

In an effort to determine whether anything could be added to Joyner's survey, I sought the assistance of the Australian National Dictionary Project. W. S. Ramson has very kindly allowed me to use the results of their researches to date. The earliest Australian record of the name yahoo so far dug up

(a) Wild Men and the Aboriginal People Where a wild man is described on the evidence of Aboriginal traditions (Joyner 1 97 7), he is an unearthly humanoid monster, a "devil-dev il" (pp. 4-6), "big pfeller devil" (p. 2 1 ), or a mythical bogeyman (pp. 22-26). Where secified , the locale of such beli

The evidence for the existence of an Australian wild man - a Yowie - is extremely poor. Joyner ends his 1 984 paper with just this conclusion: un known species there may be, but that such a species is a hominoid (or hominid) is in no way required by the evidence. Bayanov ( 1 9 8 5) objects, citing

OCTOPUS GIGANTE US TISSUE Roy P. MACKAL Young Building, 307, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. ABsTRACT: Comparative amino acid analyses of Octopus giganteus tissue and a

Roy P. MACKAL Young Building, 307, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. ABsTRACT: Comparative amino acid analyses of Octopus giganteus tissue and a variety of control tissues of Stene/la plagiodon, Architeuthis dux, Delphinapterus

AN ENCOUNTER IN NORTH INDIA ANTHONY B. WOOLDRIDGE 43, Bollin Drive, Timperley, Altrincham, Cheshire, England WA 14 5QR, U.K. INTRODUCfiON

ANTHONY B. WOOLDRIDGE 43, Bollin Drive, Timperley, Altrincham, Cheshire, England WA 14 5QR, U.K. INTRODUCfiON In early March, 1 986, the author observed and photographed a large

43, Bollin Drive, Timperley, Altrincham, Cheshire, England WA 14 5QR, U.K. INTRODUCfiON In early March, 1 986, the author observed and photographed a large hominid-like animal which was believed to be the Yeti. This remarkable

_.___. MileI FIG. I . - Routes followed by the author in the Himalayas indicated by arrows. Long arrow

The most compelling evidence for the Yeti explanation is the similarity between other reports of footprints and sightings and the footprints and the general appearance of the animal which I observed. The single footprint of a left foot (Fig. 4) shows a large impression caused by the big toe, which i

A BEAR, oR A HuMAN A number of other possible candidates for what I observed have been suggested- an unusually large langur monkey, a bear, or a man. I will con sider each in turn. The common langur (Presbytis ente/lus) is not known to exceed 20 kg in

A number of other possible candidates for what I observed have been suggested- an unusually large langur monkey, a bear, or a man. I will con sider each in turn. The common langur (Presbytis ente/lus) is not known to exceed 20 kg in weight, has a long tail, makes narrow footprints (about 50 mm wide

I have been asked repeatedly why I did not attempt to get closer to the animal, or try to attract its attention by shouting or throwing objects. My primary concern was the very real possibility of another avalanche. No one would have come looking for me had I suffered an accident, and I had got as c

JOSEPH W . 2ARzYNSKI P.O. Box 2134, Wilton, New York 12866, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION With a maximum depth of 400 feet, the 1 09-mile-long Lake Champlain is a formidable laboratory for individuals and groups conducting field op

P.O. Box 2134, Wilton, New York 12866, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION With a maximum depth of 400 feet, the 1 09-mile-long Lake Champlain is a formidable laboratory for individuals and groups conducting field op erations into the supposed Loch Ness-like animals known collectively as

TE:D .STRJTON JOSEPH ZJ\'I' N S K J FI<:'. I . - Map of Lake Champlain, with numbers indicating the locations ofthe 1 1 eyewitness

HIMALAYAN YETI EXPEDITION MARc E. MILLER Department of Neuropsychology, Good Samaritan Medical Center, Zanesville, Ohio 43701, U.S.A. WILLIAM CACCIOLFl

MARc E. MILLER Department of Neuropsychology, Good Samaritan Medical Center, Zanesville, Ohio 43701, U.S.A. WILLIAM CACCIOLFl New World Explorers Society,

Department of Neuropsychology, Good Samaritan Medical Center, Zanesville, Ohio 43701, U.S.A. WILLIAM CACCIOLFl New World Explorers Society, 108 Dayton St., Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387, U.S.A.

New World Explorers Society, 108 Dayton St., Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387, U.S.A. INTRODUCfiON In February and March, 1 986, the New World Explorers Society (NWES) conducted 1 4 days of on-site fieldwork in the Khumbu region of the Hi

RICHARD D. SMITH P.O. Box 106, Rocky Hill, New Jersey 08553, U.S.A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Standing height, 5 . 5-7 feet ( 1 6 5-2 1 0 em); weight, 200-400 lb. (90- 1 80 kg) - size and weight dependent on age and sex; head, covered with hair,

Standing height, 5 . 5-7 feet ( 1 6 5-2 1 0 em); weight, 200-400 lb. (90- 1 80 kg) - size and weight dependent on age and sex; head, covered with hair, except on face and ears; sagittal crest, present; neck, short and thick, and hair-covered; face, hominoid features, dark skin, thin hair growth, wid

Calls, variety of shrill noises to howl (occasional reports of growling when threatened); culture, no fire, clothing, weapons, artifacts, art, or agriculture (rocks for defense or offense occasionally reported); habitation, use of caves; diet, omnivorous - roots, berries, bark, rodents, rabbits, bir

Habitat, mountain areas, 1 0,000-20 ,000 feet in the Himalayan range; interactio ns, little or no contact with the largest carnivores of the region (Himalayan black bear and snow leopard); enemies, none known except The above descriptive information was derived from a wide variety of sources, includ

7, 23rd A venue Brighton, Brisbane, Queensland 401 7, A ustralia Search for the Tasmanian Tiger. By Quentin Beresford and Garry Bailey. Blubber Head Press (P.O. Box 47 5), Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia, 1 98 1 . 54 pp. nip. (p.).

Paul-Sorge-Strasse 7 4 2000 Hamburg 61, Federal German Republic In recent years, newspapers and magazines have brought national, even international attention to the possible presence in Lake Champlain of an unidentified species oflarge animal. The efforts of Joseph Zarzynski ("Zarr")

Department of Chemistry Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 2406 1, U. S.A. BOOK REVIEWS The Great Sea-Serpent Controversy: A Cultural Study. By Paul Lester. Pro

Institute of Cornish Studies University of Exeter Trevenson House, Pool, Redruth Cornwall, England TR 1 5 3RE, U.K. The Evidence for Bigfoot and Other Man-Beasts. By Janet and Colin Bord.

Harrison Hot Springs British Columbia VOM 1 KO, Canada The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids. By Vladimir Markotic (Ed.) and Grover Krantz (Assoc. Ed.). Western Publishers, Calgary, 1 984. 3 3 5 pp. C$ 1 2 .00 (US$ 1 2 .00) (p.).

Alfred W. Bowers Laboratory of A nthropology University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho 83843, U. S.A. Cryptozoology, 5, 1 986, 1 09- 1 50

(Response to Poirier and Diamond, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 1 2- 1 4) The hand and foot specimens of the supposed Wildman from Jiulong Mountain of Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, have caused worldwide interest. They represent the first material evidence of this kind ever officially rep

18 rue Georges Boissaye du Bocage 7 63 1 0 Sainte Adresse, France (Benoit Grison is a biology student.) JEAN-JACQUES BARLOY 7 rue Lekain

7 rue Lekain 7 5 0 1 6 Paris, France (Jean-Jacques Barloy is a zoologist and the author of over two dozen books on animal life and natural history.) A USEFUL AND PERTINENT CLASSIFICATION

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4) The term cryptozoology has become more widely known, but is often applied incorrectly. In France, for instance, one magazine has recently pub lished, under the heading of cryptozoology, an article about a flying model of a Pteranodon.

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4) Within the new classification system for cryptozoology, Greenwell intro duces the new term "ethnoknown," which may prove to be a useful term for both the layman and the scientist. The notion behind this new term is that a naturalist, a traveler

Department of Information University Institute of Technology University of Nantes 3 Rue Marchechal-Joffre 4404 1 Nantes, France

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4) The term "cryptozoology" was coined by that master sleuth of animals yet undescribed by science, Bernard Heuvelmans. Although the term did not appear in print until relatively recently (Lucien Blancou, 1 9 59, Geogra phie Cynegetique du Monde,

Mass Landing Marine Laboratories California State University Moss Landing, California 95039, U.S.A. GREG SILBER Center for Marine Studies

Center for Marine Studies University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064, U. S.A. (Bernd Wursig and Greg Silber are marine mammalogists specializing in behavior and ecology.)

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4) Established as a field of study in the mid- 1 9 50's by Bernard Heuvelmans ( 1 9 5 5 , Sur Ia Piste des Betes lgnorees, Plon, Paris), cryptozoology has only become a zoological term during the past 1 5 years. Today, the term is relatively famili

Department of Mammals National Museum of Natural History Bulgarian Academy of Science Boulv, Russki 1 1 000 Sofia, Bulgaria

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4) There are many relatively obscure cryptozoological examples which can now be comfortably accommodated within the various categories of Green well' s classification scheme for cryptozoology. I would myself like to present one example for Categor

JOHN w. OLSEN Postfach 468 3250 Hameln, Federal Republic of Germany (Ingo Krumbiegel is a mammalogist, former director of the Dresden Zoolog ical Park and former head of the Department of Zoology at the Hannover

Postfach 468 3250 Hameln, Federal Republic of Germany (Ingo Krumbiegel is a mammalogist, former director of the Dresden Zoolog ical Park and former head of the Department of Zoology at the Hannover Museum. He wrote what is considered to be the very first book on crypto

MORE ON THE IDENTITY OF THE EGYPTIAN ANIMAL DIETY, SET (Comment on Swords, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 5-2 7 ) In his attempt to identify a cryptozoological analog for the dynastic Egyp tian animal diety, Set, Swords rightfully points out the numerous canid-like characteristics it possesses. However,

(Comment on Swords, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 5-2 7 ) In his attempt to identify a cryptozoological analog for the dynastic Egyp tian animal diety, Set, Swords rightfully points out the numerous canid-like characteristics it possesses. However, I am in disagreement with the author's (Response to Ols

(Comment on Cachel, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 4 5-54) Susan Cachel presents a thoughtful and informed analysis of my original article on the Elk Wallow (Walla Walla) Sasquatch footprints (Grover S. Krantz, 1 9 8 3 , Anatomy and Dermatoglyphics of Three Sasquatch Foot prints, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 5 3

(Comment on Guynn, Downing, and Askew, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 5 5-60) ON SASQUATCH WEIGHT AND GAIT (Response to Krantz) It is fruitless to argue about the depth and structure of the Elk Wallow (Walla Walla) sole pad, given that no direct observations of the pad are now

(Response to Krantz) It is fruitless to argue about the depth and structure of the Elk Wallow (Walla Walla) sole pad, given that no direct observations of the pad are now The desire to quantify biological situations is one of the strongest forces motivating scientists. While in some applications, su

The Conservation Agency 6 Swinburne Street Jamestown, Rhode Island 02835, U. S.A. (James Lazell is a mamma/agist and herpetologist specializing infield studies of rare animals. He is affiliated with the Peabody Museum ofNatural History

(Response to Lazell) We agree with Lazell's statement that "there are many critical factors which enter into the success or failure of a search for a rare species." He correctly points out searcher skills and species' behavior as important factors. However, we did not ignore these factors in our pap

(Comment on Williams, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 6 1-68) Thomas Williams and his associates are to be congratulated for bringing the case of the Ri to a final resolution by positively identifying it as the Indo Pacific dugong, Dugong dugan. In a previous Comment (Richard Greenwell, 1 984, The Ri: Zoolo

(Comment on Bottriell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 80-8 3) I must first point out that I do not usually bother to respond to such reviews as the above. I am only interested in laying facts before an audience that has done its own research or is open-minded. Lena Bottriell clearly represents neither, and

Dallas, Morayshire Scotland, U.K. (Di Francis has been the principal investigator of reports of "big cats " in Britain, and is the author of Cat Country, David and Charles, 1 983.) AFFLUENT CATS

(Comment on Bottriell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 80-8 3) Regarding Di Francis's book Cat Country, I would agree with Lena Bot triell that it is inconceivable that an animal the size of a puma could have lived for thousands of years in the British countryside and yet remain un detected until 20 or 30

43 Garborough Close Maryport, Cumbria England CA 1 5 6R Y, U.K. (Roderick Moore is a cartographer with Britain 's Nature Conservancy Coun COMMENTS AND RESPONSES

(Response to Francis and Moore) The path of cryptozoological research is not an easy one, as many who tread it know, and one may sympathize with Di Francis' obvious frustration with my review of her book Cat Country. However, she wrongly perceives clearly stated facts in my review of her book.

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 86-8 8) I was very interested in Greenwell's recounting of the exploits of Colonel John Blashford-Snell, particularly the latter's successful finding of the leg endary New Guinea dragon artrellia, which turned out to be a 6-foot (2-meter)

2 5 chemin de Trembley 1 1 97 Prangins, Switzerland (Edward Winn is a physicist and administrator with SRI International. He serves as European Secretary of the International Society ofCryptozoology.) BBC WILDLIFE

I s Britain ' s only colour monthly magazine especially and exclusively designed for people with a genuine interest in wildlife and its conservation . We publish beauti ful photographs , thought provoking and infor mative writing and up-to-date news on both the

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International Society of Cryptozoology Held jointly with the Scottish Branch of the Society for the History of Natural History Hosted by the National Museums of Scotland

Presideh.t: Bernard Heuvelmans, Verlhiac, Saint-Chamass)(, Le 'Bugue 24260 France Vice President Roy· P. Mackal, YQung Bldg. 307, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ulinois 60637, p.S.A.