CRYPTO 1987

The Wil on Nessie Phpto: A Size Determinatio,n Bsed oh PHysical Principles 0 0 0 Jo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 0'0 0 Paul H. LeBlond _!lnd Michael J. ollins FIELD REPORTS New Signs of Sasquatch A tivity in the B)ue, Mou,ntains Jf Wasllington.State 0 0 0 • • • • • • • •

DMITRI BAYANOV Chairman, Relict Hominoid Research Seminar, Darwin Museum, Moscow 1 1 9 435, U.S.S.R. ABSTRAcr: One of cryptozoology's main concerns is the possible survival of animals thought to be long extinct. Because the geological record is incomplete, the

Recent attention to the notion of species extinction has somewhat obscured the phenomenon of species survival. Both extinction and survival are con ditio sine qua non of biological evolution. But, man's intervention apart, dying and living in nature are so propitiously balanced that the variety of

any single genus endures," and "the utter extinction of a whole group of species has sometimes been a slow process, from the survival of a few descendants, lingering in protected and isolated situations." A noted Soviet paleontologist, L. S. Davitashvili (1948: 486), has this to say on the subject:

If the subj ects of cryptozoology are "hidden" animals, then many sciences have their "hidden" obj ects: astronomers attempt to detect unknown celes tial bodies "hidden" in the vastness of space (some of which cannot even CRYPTOZOOLOGY BAYANOV: WHY CRYPTOZOOLOGY?

Webster's Collegiate Dictionary gives the following definition of science: "Science is systematized knowledge considered in reference to the discovery or understanding of truth." First, it should be noted that the systematizing of knowledge and the discovery of truth are supposed to take time. Secon

ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS CHRISTINE JANIS Section of Population Biology, Morphology, and Genetics Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02912, U.S.A.

CHRISTINE JANIS Section of Population Biology, Morphology, and Genetics Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02912, U.S.A. ABsTRAcr: New evidence is presented of archaeological artifacts that may depict

Section of Population Biology, Morphology, and Genetics Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02912, U.S.A. ABsTRAcr: New evidence is presented of archaeological artifacts that may depict fossil ungulate species that survived into relatively recent (historical)

The term "ungulate" means "bearing hooves"; that is, with the terminal digit on the limbs being covered by a horny structure composed of keratin, that is used for bearing the animal's weight. The possession of hooves on the feet is a derived condition for animals, and was evolved from the type of ke

Proboscidea (elephants and their fossil relatives, such as mastodonts), Hy racoidea (hyraces, small rabbit-like animals which are probably best known as the "conies" mentioned in the Bible), and Sirenia (sea cows, which have obviously secondarily lost their hooves in the process of becoming aquatic

Sivatheres represent the subfamily Sivatheriinae of the artiodactyl family Giraffidae. The other giraffid subfamily, the Giraffinae, contains two living genera (although it had a much greater diversity in the past), and okapi, Okapia johnstoni, and the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis. Sivatheres are

. The family Chalicotheriidae belongs in the order Perissodactyla, and con tains taxa that were mainly of large (cow to giraffe) size. Chalicotheres are known from the Eocene (approximately 45 million years B.P.) through the middle Pleistocene over most of the Northern Hemisphere (although they bec

In Fig. 6, we see a bronze statuette from the Freer Gallery of Art (Smith sonian Institution), Washington, D.C., from the late Chou Dynasty of China (600-500 B.C.). Several of these statuettes were found in 1923 near the village of Li-yu, in the Shanxi Province. An issue of Smithsonian magazine onc

A reproduction of an African Tji Wara, or agricultural antelope god, appears in Fig. 9. The country of origin is unknown, but the style suggests East Africa (probably Kenya) rather than West Africa. Most other Tji Waras that I have seen clearly represent a stylized sable antelope, Hippotragus niger,

WITH A LIVING FORM GROVER S. K.RANrz Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A. ABSTRAcr: A skull of Gigantopithecus b/acki has been constructed by the author

GROVER S. K.RANrz Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A. ABSTRAcr: A skull of Gigantopithecus b/acki has been constructed by the author based on the adult male jaw from China. This presumes erect, bipedal locomotion

Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A. ABSTRAcr: A skull of Gigantopithecus b/acki has been constructed by the author based on the adult male jaw from China. This presumes erect, bipedal locomotion for the original, and an ape-sized brain scaled t

animals; we have no skeletal remains of the North American Sasquatch, or of any other unverified hominoid. Pilbeam et al. ( 1980) allowed about 100 kg body weight for the possibly related fossil jaw from India. Simons a nd Ettel ( 1970) assumed all gigan topithecines were knuckle-walkers. Helmut He

Having made the above observations many times, I have been urged repeatedly to put my hands where my mouth is, and actually produce this reconstruction. During the autumn of 1985 I made the mandible, and in the spring of 1986 the rest of the skull was completed. What follows is a de scription of th

this errs, I think it is on the conservative side; it could have been made more prominent. Orbit size was extrapolated up from the gorilla, much as was done with brain volume. I made cones of plaster, gradually enlarging them until they looked about right -inside diameters at rims of 65 mm in both d

MICHEL DETHIER AND AYAKO DETHIER-SAKAMOTO Pontets, 1 0, CH- 1 2 1 2 Grand Laney, Switzerland A curiously short and squat snake has long been reported in the Japanese archipelago. Frequently said to occur in mountainous areas in the center

Pontets, 1 0, CH- 1 2 1 2 Grand Laney, Switzerland A curiously short and squat snake has long been reported in the Japanese archipelago. Frequently said to occur in mountainous areas in the center of the archipelago, this reptile has been given as many as 40 different local names.

Before giving a description of the animal, and discussing its possible sys tematic position, we think it would be useful to discuss some of the reports, taken from Yamamoto (1973, 1985, and personal communication). • M. Kyuzo, a mountain dweller living near Hashimoto (a little town south of Osaka),

encountered the animal in a grove, between a field and a swamp. He could immediately tell it was not a mamushi, he said, because of its squat body, the width of its mouth, and the dimension of the spots on its back. When he approached it, the tzuchinoko raised its head, showed its "teeth, " and move

Morphology. -The body length varies between 30 and 80 em, and the width between 7 and 8 em. The triangular head is distinctly separated from the body by a narrow neck, and is covered by a "rigid skin" (like that of a DETH I ER AND DET H I ER-SAKAMOTO: TZUCHINOKO CRY PTOZOOLOGY

of the primitive Japanese genera Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus (Na kamura and Ueno 1972). -The large cephalic scales, also observed in primitive crotalids such as Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus (Petzhold 1974). -The diet (small mammals), the rest position (flat spiral), the attack position

Angel, Fran9ois 1 9 50 Vie et Moeurs des Serpents. Paris: Pion. RIF s. EL-MALLAKH Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, The University of Connecticut Health Center,

Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, The University of Connecticut Health Center, 1 949 A Bibliography of the Herpetology of Japan. Bulletin of the A merican Museum of Natural History, Vol. 9 3 : 389-49 6 . Farmington, Connecticut 06032, U. S.A.

A full review of the field of paleobiochemistry is beyond the scope of this paper. However, it is important to recognize that paleo-DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) studies have their roots in general paleobiochemistry and pa leogenetics. The ultimate goal of most of these studies is to establish prop

Under certain conditions, cellular morphology may be preserved for thou sands (Lewin 1984) or millions of years (Poinar and Hess 1982). DNA material within such specimens may survive essentially unchanged. DNA has been recovered from the quagga, an extinct equid (100 years B.P.) (Hi guchi et al. 1

The ultimate limit to cloning ancient DNA is the availability of suitably preserved material. From the brief experience gained, prel minary obser vations can be made. The quagga, the mummy, and amber Insects were all preserved by rapid (days to a few weeks) desiccati n, whres th mammoth was pr

In Somalia, on October 26, 1977, a 23-year-old hospital cook acquired a smallpox (variola) infection (Anonymous 1 980). He recovered completely, but the event is historic in that there have been no endemic cases of smallpox since. Aside from laboratory-maintained populations of mallpox, the virus h

BASED ON PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 1 9 7 5 Smallpox Extinction - A Note of Caution. New Scientist, Vol. 7 1 : 3 5 . Zuckerman, Arie J . Palaeontology of Smallpox. The Lancet, Vol. 2(84 1 7/ 8 ) : 1 4 54. PAUL H . LEBLOND AND MICHAEL J. COLLINS

1 9 7 5 Smallpox Extinction - A Note of Caution. New Scientist, Vol. 7 1 : 3 5 . Zuckerman, Arie J . Palaeontology of Smallpox. The Lancet, Vol. 2(84 1 7/ 8 ) : 1 4 54. PAUL H . LEBLOND AND MICHAEL J. COLLINS

Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1 W5, Canada We present a calculation of the dimension of Nessie, as seen in the 1 9 34 Wilson photograph, based on a comparison with the length of adjacent wind waves. The wavelength is estimated from m

LoNNIE SOMER Department ofA nthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION On the night of April 9, 1987, Washington State University anthropologist

Department ofA nthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 991 64, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION On the night of April 9, 1987, Washington State University anthropologist Grover Krantz received a telephone call from Paul Freeman, an active

JOSEPH W. ZARZYNSKI P. O. Box 2 1 34, Wilton, New York 1 2866, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION The year 1987 marked a new era in underwater exploration technology for the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in its search for

FIG. 1 . - The underwater robot ROY (Remotely Operated Vehicle) deployed at Lake Cham plain in 1 9 8 7 . It is equipped with a VHS video camera, a manipulator arm for object retrieval, and a 5 00-foot-long umbilical cable capable of reaching any depth in the lake. The dates of the fieldwork were: A

FuTURE PLANS • ST. AL.f,\NS

TEO .STRAITON JOSEPH ZAJUYN S K I FIG. 3 . - Map of Lake Champlain, with numbers indicating the locations o f the 7 eyewitness sightings logged by LCPI during 1 9 8 7 .

JOSEPH ZAJUYN S K I FIG. 3 . - Map of Lake Champlain, with numbers indicating the locations o f the 7 eyewitness sightings logged by LCPI during 1 9 8 7 . The LCPI will continue its fieldwork at Lake Champlain during 1988, with an increased emphasis on underwater searching. This year's participants

FIG. 3 . - Map of Lake Champlain, with numbers indicating the locations o f the 7 eyewitness sightings logged by LCPI during 1 9 8 7 . The LCPI will continue its fieldwork at Lake Champlain during 1988, with an increased emphasis on underwater searching. This year's participants have already committ

JAMES A. HEWKIN 35237 A ubuchon Drive, St. Helens, Oregon 9705 1 , U.S.A. TABLE 1 . - Lengths of measurable strides in two lines of presumed Sasquatch tracks found in the Clackamas River Drainage of N.W. Oregon Cascade Range, November 7, 1 9 86.

35237 A ubuchon Drive, St. Helens, Oregon 9705 1 , U.S.A. TABLE 1 . - Lengths of measurable strides in two lines of presumed Sasquatch tracks found in the Clackamas River Drainage of N.W. Oregon Cascade Range, November 7, 1 9 86.

Fro. 2 . - Three tracks cast in sequence, showing right, left, and right footprints from bottom to top. Note the lateral extension of l st digit in the middle and upper print. The strides ranged from 28 inches to 105 inches in the upper line of tracks. The lower line strides ranged from 30 inches to

LAKE CHAMPLAIN, 1987 RICHARD D. SMITH P. O. Box 1 06, Rocky Hill, New Jersey 08553, U.S.A. WILLIAM L. KONRAD 54 Laurel Hill Drive, Niantic, Connecticut 0635 7, U. S.A.

RICHARD D. SMITH P. O. Box 1 06, Rocky Hill, New Jersey 08553, U.S.A. WILLIAM L. KONRAD 54 Laurel Hill Drive, Niantic, Connecticut 0635 7, U. S.A. INTRODUCfiON

54 Laurel Hill Drive, Niantic, Connecticut 0635 7, U. S.A. INTRODUCfiON In July, 1987, the authors collaborated on fieldwork at Lake Champlain. This work grew out of previous seasons' activities coordinated by Smith regarding the supposed large, unknown "Loch Ness-like animals" reported

the transducer during the 5 millisecond transmit period. Five hundred feet of coaxial cable connected the transducer to the sonar unit ashore. A dive mechanism to scan the transducer vertically through 15 degrees was designed by David Olsen. We had intended to mount the transducer on a steep underwa

The International Fortean Organization P. O. Box 367 Arlington, Virginia 222 1 0, U.S.A. Cryptozoofogy, 6, 1 9 8 7 , 1 08- 1 5 1

(Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5: 1-26) In his annotated cryptozoology checklist, Bernard Heuvelmans has re viewed an extremely large body of literature. For this alone, publication of the checklist is noteworthy. It is unfortunate, but understandable because of its length, that comple

Department of Biology Southwest Missouri State University Springfield, Missouri 65804, U. S.A. (Thomas Tomasi is a physiological ecologist specializing in mammalian energetics.)

(Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5: 1-26) Here, at last, is Bernard Heuvelmans' checklist summarizing 40 years of research, a synthesis which every cryptozoologist has long been waiting for. This is particularly true outside of the French-speaking countries, where several of Heuvelmans' b

(Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 -26) Bernard Heuvelmans' annotated checklist of apparently unknown animals provides an excellent summary of known cryptozoological examples. It is not my intention here to discredit this list in any way, but to provide some comments on a few of the e

IMPORTANT IN CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Com ment on Heuvelm ans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 -26) I was surprised to see Bernard Heuvelmans' retraction ofhis old hypothesis that surviving Australian thylacoleonids (marsupial lions) might account for the cryptophenomenon variously known as the Queensland Tiger-Cat

(Com ment on Heuvelm ans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 -26) I was surprised to see Bernard Heuvelmans' retraction ofhis old hypothesis that surviving Australian thylacoleonids (marsupial lions) might account for the cryptophenomenon variously known as the Queensland Tiger-Cat, the Queensland Marsupial

Division of Biology and Medicine Box G, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02 912, U. S.A . (Victor Albert is a graduate student i n molecular evolutionary biology, with a special interest in cryptozoological cases ofpossible Pleistocene persistence.

(Response to Tomasi, Raynal, Janis, and Albert) My aim in having the cryptozoology checklist published was twofold: first, I thought it would be helpful to all those involved in cryptozoological re search, and, second, I hoped it would be properly corrected and completed since some of the comments

THE YAHoo: A PossiBLE SoLUTION (Com ment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5: 4 7-54) (Comment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 4 7-54) I am thankful to Colin Groves for enlightening us non-Australians as to the exact ratio of marsupials and placentals on his island continent, and for

(Com ment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5: 4 7-54) (Comment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 4 7-54) I am thankful to Colin Groves for enlightening us non-Australians as to the exact ratio of marsupials and placentals on his island continent, and for stating his point unequivocally: "If there is

(Comment on Mackal, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 5 5-62) NOISE, SIGNAL, AND EVIDENCE (Response to Bayanov and Joyner) In assessing cryptozoological reports, one should try to look through the "noise" and see if there is any "signal" behind it. By "signal," I mean

(Response to Bayanov and Joyner) In assessing cryptozoological reports, one should try to look through the "noise" and see if there is any "signal" behind it. By "signal," I mean consistency. As Bayanov notes, several reports of the Australian "wild man" mention that it is covered with hair (but not

(Com ment on Wooldridge, Cryptozoology, Vol . 5 : 6 3-7 6) The first Yeti photograph is indeed a memorable event, but was it indeed a Yeti? I have no quarrel with Anthony Wooldridge's data, his reasoning that the object viewed was not a langur, a bear, or a human, and I respect his interpretation th

(Comment on Wooldridge, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 6 3-76) As an individual who has himself encountered "Yeti" evidence while conducting Himalayan fieldwork, I can well appreciate the personal ecstasy experienced by Anthony Wooldridge upon his most enigmatic sighting. As one who has carefully read the

(Response to Reed and Taylor-Ide) In May, 1 9 8 7 , I returned to the scene of my "Yeti" encounter of March, 1 9 86, in the Garhwal Himalayas. The spindly bush was still there, but there was no visible evidence of any upright rock or tree-stump that might have misled me in 1 9 8 6 . Fig. 1 shows the

Director, Woodlands Mountain Institute P. O. Box 90 7 Franklin, West Virginia 2680 7, U. S.A . (Daniel Taylor-Ide has lived a n d traveled i n the Himalayan region much of his life, and has studied the area 's natural history. He is currently involved

FIG. 2. - Telephoto view of the bush taken nine days later, May 2 5 , after some melting of snow had occurred. The snow was still deeper than when the March, 1 9 86, photographs were of photos from 1 9 86, it shows that, whatever I photographed in 1 9 86, lies below the snow level in the 1 9 8 7 pho

(Comment on Bauer, Cryptozoology, Vol 5 : 9 5-96) In reviewing Joseph Zarzynski's book Champ: Beyond the Legend, Henry Bauer states: "According to Zarzynski (p. 6 5), and Richard Greenwell (p. 1 3 2), the object in the [ 1 9 7 7] Mansi photograph [from Lake Champlain] bears comparison with that in t

(Comment on Zhou, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 09- 1 1 ) Both Zhou Guoxing and myself feel that at least some claim s for the existence of the Wildman are mistaken reports based on sightings of golden monkeys. Some disagree with this position (Jack Lapseritis, 1 9 84, Golden Monkey versus Wildman: A Qu

(Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 1 - 1 4; and Debenat, Green well, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 1 3- 1 6 , 1 24-28) I f writers in general are happy with the term "ethnoknown," I can have no quarrel with that; part of the richness of language is that it cannot be prescribed. However, as m

(Response to Heaney) It is hard to force a new word into a pre-established mold. The new item may prove uneasy to grasp, evasive, and even slippery at times. However, if we invent a new term to fit a carefully designed mold, the final product is likely to arrive at an existence of its own when, and

(Com ment on Williams, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 6 1 -6 8 ; and Greenwell, Cryp tozoology, Vol. 5 : 1 40-44) The mysterious creature called Ri (or Ilkai), supposedly an aquatic, mer maid-like animal of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, has caused a lot of

Postfach 304628 Hamburg 36, Federal German Republic FIG. 1 . - The Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcae/la brevirostris. New Guinea, nor in waters further east. The rililkai sightings will close this The Irrawaddy dolphin (Fig. 1 ), unlike any other dolphin in the region,

(Response to Sehm) Gunter Sehm attempts to make the point that the animal known as ri or ilkai, which we identified during our 1 9 8 5 expedition to New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, as the Indo-Pacific dugong (Dugong dugan) is not the dugong, but, rather, the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris).

(Com ment on Bottriell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 80-8 3 , Vol. 5 : 1 47) Concerning the British Big Cat problem, surely the hundreds of eyewitness reports collected by Di Francis deserve more consideration than given by Lena Bottriell. Her fieldwork on Exmoor and Dartmoor has revealed Big Cat sighting

Ivy Cottage Martly, Worcester England WR6 6QA, U.K. (Lorna Lloyd has studied the felid literature for many years, particularly historical and obscure material on unusual forms or colorations.)

In Search of Mokele-Mbembe

Grqver S. Krantz Dmitri Bayanov 1 Department of Anthropology Relict Hominhid Research' Seminar