CRYPTO 1988

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_ AL $bdE)Y 0E CRYP;ozpoLOGY

Houstol\, Texa 7JQ58, U .S.A . :Byrnq Wiir sig

(l"ertebrktepaleo1ftolbgy O eartment of Biol ogj.' cal S citmces Illinois Sta t(t,_U niv ersity t

tually, unrecognized by a consensus o f its representatives) because their asserted or alleged existence is supported by testimonial and circumstantial evidence only, or even by autoptical (i.e., material) evidence considered insufficient by some. Or, briefly, as it would appear in a dictionary: "Th

What cryptozoology aims at is essentially the scientific description and naming of the aforesaid "hidden animals" as recognizable species or sub species, which could eventually receive legal protection if threatened with extinction. It aims accessorily at a systematized search for specimens of thes

To find testimonial evidence supporting his case, the cryptozoologist has initially to consult the collections of newspapers, magazines and/or scientific CRYPTOZOOLOG Y HEU VELMANS: SOU RCES AND METHOD OF CRYPTOZOOLOG Y

Needless to say, the more witnesses who can be produced for each par ticular sighting - and, in the long run, for each kind of hidden animal - the stronger the case. Essentially, this is because an abundance and unanimity of testimonies has perforce greater weight. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ( 1 8 5 91

The hitherto mentioned sources are not only liable to yield more or less detailed accounts of actual sightings of apparently unknown animals, they may also contain a wealth of matter-of-fact data which can sometimes be used as circumstantial evidence. This kind of evidence can assume the most divers

CRYPTOZOOLOGY Since every conspicuous animal, down to the smallest one, is generally

The last source of ethnological information where circumstantial evidence can be gleaned by the cryptozoologist is, of all places, mythology. The main reference works to be consulted in this connection are those of Edward B. Tylor ( 1 87 1 ), James G. Frazer ( 1 890), James Hastings ( 1 908-22), Ant

When the detailed identikit-picture of any particular "hidden" animal has at last been completed, further circumstantial evidence supporting its ex istence can be extracted from the comparison of diverse - but in a way similar- cryptozoological cases. So, it was by a comparative study of the obviou

Directly contrary to what many laymen and j ournalists state, it is not true that cryptozoologists cannot produce the slightest material evidence of the existence of the animals with which they are concerned. And I am not referring only to tracks, which some consider j ust molds - that is, "nega ti

BAUER1 AND A NTHONY P. RussELL

OF A GIANT GECKO IN OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND AARoN M. BAUER1 AND A NTHONY P. RussELL Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4, Canada ABsTRAcr: Reevaluation of a mandibular ramus and "rib" discovered at Earns

AARoN M. BAUER1 AND A NTHONY P. RussELL Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4, Canada ABsTRAcr: Reevaluation of a mandibular ramus and "rib" discovered at Earns cleugh, Otago, New Zealand suggests that the bones are assignable to a gekkonid

Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4, Canada ABsTRAcr: Reevaluation of a mandibular ramus and "rib" discovered at Earns cleugh, Otago, New Zealand suggests that the bones are assignable to a gekkonid lizard of gigantic size. The "rib" is consistent

FIG. 4 . - A. Hutton's ( 1 8 99) illustration of the Eamscleugh "rib" (redrawn in horizontal orientation). B. The right cloacal bone of Hoplodactylus delcourti (MNHM 1 98 5-3 5) drawn to same scale as Fig. 3A. Details of the morphology of this element cannot be seen in the radio graphs from which i

suffices as The large pleurodont jaw reported by Hutton ( 1 8 7 5) alone

LIFE OF ST. COLUMBA CHARLES THOMAS Director, Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter, Trevenson House, Pool, Redruth, Cornwall, England TR15 3RE, U.K. ABsTRAcr: The story of St. Columba's supposed encounter with an aquatic beast,

CHARLES THOMAS Director, Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter, Trevenson House, Pool, Redruth, Cornwall, England TR15 3RE, U.K. ABsTRAcr: The story of St. Columba's supposed encounter with an aquatic beast, contained in Adomnan's Life of the saint, is critically examined and placed in

In the mid-first millennium A.D., Scotland north of the Clyde-Forth (Glas gow to Edinburgh) narrowing was inhabited by peoples of Iron Age back ground identified in Latin sources as Picti, the Picts. Starting in the later 5th century, an area of western Scotland north of the Clyde was colonized fr

coast, was not the only such church center provided for the Scotti, but it rapidly became the most influential and best known. Columba was its abbot, or absolute spiritual and legal ruler, until his death in 5 9 7 . During his long sojourn, h e made visits t o identifiable localities i n the Isles a

I give a fresh and completely literal translation of this from the best (Schaffhausen) text of the Life (Anderson and Anderson 1 96 1 ), with only the key words from the Latin italicized in parentheses. About the repelling, by the power ofthe prayer ofthe blessed man ( Columba), ofa certain water be

The importance of Adomnan's Life lies partly in the very wide and influ ential circulation it enjoyed from the moment of its composition, and partly THOMAS: ST. COLUMBA'S "MONSTER" EPISODE because o f its relatively early date (most similar "Lives" are later produc tions). Behind it lies, or lay,

A LINGUISTIC SOLUTION TO A CRYPTOZOOLOGICAL PROBLEM JOHN COLARUSSO Department of A nthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L9, Canada ABsTRACT: A variety of Maori words have come to be associated with the pu

JOHN COLARUSSO Department of A nthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L9, Canada ABsTRACT: A variety of Maori words have come to be associated with the pu tative New Zealand "otter," often termed waitoreke, kaureke, or kaurehe. The pres

particularly cryptozoologists. Such reports offer a chance, however slim, o f finding another mammal a t the monotreme level o f organization, o r perhaps even an advanced therapsid (mammal-like reptile) (see Romer 1 966: 1 7 386, for an account of the subclass Synapsida, the mammal-like reptiles).

First, I have viewed waitoreke and its constellation of kindred names as primarily a linguistic problem. The forms put forth by Becker vary in their linguistic status: some are attested and some are not; some are plausible and others not, some are clearly related to one another, while others are not

guistic status of the terms is a function of whether or not they have plausible etymologies; but only in part. I have therefore treated the question of mean ing as logically a separate issue, albeit in the act of linguistic analysis itself the meaning of a form is inextricably intertwined with cons

I shall begin by demonstrating that Becker's links between Maori /wai-/ and the realm of spirits and mythology are unfounded. First, Maori /wai-/ has no connection with any Proto-Austronesian word for "spirit." Proto-Austronesian */qanitu/ ['demon'] (Becker 1 98 5 : 32) (which in more familiar trans

Waitoreke: This is the usual citation. The form cannot be found in the dictionary by Williams ( 1 9 7 1 ). In fact, its attestation is relatively poor. It appears first in 1 848 in an early work by R. Taylor, where it is glossed as "otter (uncertain, perhaps 'seal')" (Watson 1 960: 1 80). Its only o

that the Maori were trying to describe to the younger Mantell the cutaneous dorsal protuberances of the tuatara. Duff's suggestion regarding confusions over hair may have merit. The Maori may have been trying to describe the fleshy protuberances on the tuatara's back by using a term for "hair" modif

anatomy, a feature important enough to be incorporated into its name. This fact also accords perfectly with the peculiar spur characteristic of male mono Finally, the strong linguistic evidence at hand pointing to a New Zealand monotreme accords very well with the fact that New Zealand separated fr

EYEWITNESS REPORTS VALENTIN B. SAPUNOV Department of Control of Medical and Biological Systems, Leningrad State University, Leningrad, Petergoph 1 98 904, U.S.S.R.

VALENTIN B. SAPUNOV Department of Control of Medical and Biological Systems, Leningrad State University, Leningrad, Petergoph 1 98 904, U.S.S.R. ABSTRAcr: Eyewitness reports from people who claimed to have observed a

Department of Control of Medical and Biological Systems, Leningrad State University, Leningrad, Petergoph 1 98 904, U.S.S.R. ABSTRAcr: Eyewitness reports from people who claimed to have observed a Snowman (wildman), collected by a commission of the Academy of Sciences of the

MOKELE-MBEMBE EXPEDITIONS TOKUHARU TAKABAYASHI 3- 1 3-20 Atago, Niiza, Saitama, 352 Japan INTRODUCTION Interest has been generated by reports of a large, unknown animal sup

TOKUHARU TAKABAYASHI 3- 1 3-20 Atago, Niiza, Saitama, 352 Japan INTRODUCTION Interest has been generated by reports of a large, unknown animal sup posedly inhabiting the swamps of the Congo Basin. Called Mokele-Mbembe

3- 1 3-20 Atago, Niiza, Saitama, 352 Japan INTRODUCTION Interest has been generated by reports of a large, unknown animal sup posedly inhabiting the swamps of the Congo Basin. Called Mokele-Mbembe locally, descriptions from sightings have suggests a morphology similar to

JOSEPH W . ZARzvNSKI P.O. Box 2 1 34, Wilton, New York 12866, U.S.A. INTRODUCriON The year 1 9 8 8 was highlighted by the continuation of the use of high technology equipment in both underwater exploration and surveying, and

The year 1 9 8 8 was highlighted by the continuation of the use of high technology equipment in both underwater exploration and surveying, and automated lake surface video surveillance by the Lake Champlain Phenom ena Investigation (LCPI) in its ongoing search for evidence of "Champ," Lake Champlai

Biology Department Villanova University Villanova, Pennsylvania 1 9085, U.S.A. Thylacine: The Tragedy of the Tasmanian Tiger. By Eric R. Guiler. Oxford University Press, Oxford and Melbourne, 1 9 8 5 . 207 pp. £ 1 9 . 5 0 (c.).

2 57 Hydes Road West Bromwich, West Midlands England B7 1 2EE, U.K. CRYPTOZOOLOGY

President, Academy ofApplied Science 2, White Street Concord, New Hampshire 03301, U.S.A. The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence. By Steuart Campbell. The Aquarian Press, Wellingborough, England, 1 9 86. 1 2 8 pp. £3 . 9 9 (Sterling Publishing,

Scottish Natural History Library Foremount House Renfrewshire, Scotland PA l O 2EZ, U.K. Cryptozoo/ogy, 7, 1 9 8 8, 1 00- 1 3 3

Comments and Responses This section permits readers to critique or comment on works previously published in Cryptozoology. The original authors and other readers are en couraged to respond to these critiques or comments. Readers are also en couraged to critique or comment on the works appearing in

(Comment on Janis, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 8-23) I would like to address briefly the interesting paper by Christine Janis on possible fossil ungulates depicted on archaeological artifacts. It seems that there are two kinds of evidence: one can be considered direct evidence, and the other indirect (or

(Comment on Janis, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 8-2 3) I read Janis's article with great interest, as I think in-depth research into ancient art will continue to provide evidence for unknown animals. MICHEL RAYNAL Tour Rubis, Apt. C24

(Response to Tassy, Spassov, and Raynal) Both Tassy and Spassov rightly point out that none of my archaeological artifacts carry the conviction of Colbert's sivathere depicted on a Sumerian chariot ring. In response, I can state that I gave Colbert's paper the clear priority as having been my inspir

(Comment on Krantz, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 24-3 9) Krantz argues that, based on his modeling, Gigantopithecus blacki is a large bipedal hominid, and thus is a good candidate for the reported Sas quatch. His reasoning follows that of most of the other researchers when confronted with the massive jaw

Laboratory of Vertebrate Paleontology Texas Memorial Museum The University of Texas at A ustin A ustin, Texas 7 87 58, U.S.A. SALLY Y. SHELTON

Materials Conservation Laboratory Texas Memorial Museum The University of Texas at A ustin A ustin, Texas 787 58, U. S.A. (John Buckley is a physical anthropologist specializing in primate behavior

(Response to Buckley and Shelton) Most of the points raised by Buckley and Shelton were considered when I made my reconstruction of the Gigantopithecus skull. We appear to have three major areas of disagreement that merit some discussion: posture, size, and affinities.

(Comment on Dethier and Dethier-Sakamoto, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 40-48) Dethier and Dethier-Sakamoto evaluate the various sources of evidence pertaining to the existence of the tzuchinoko, and present the hypothesis that it may involve a species distinct from the well-known mamushi, Agkistrodon haly

Department of Biological Sciences The University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta T2N 1 N4, Canada (Aaron Bauer is a herpetologist specializing in the morphology, systematics, and biogeography of lizards. A nthony R ussell is a morphologist and system

THE WILSON PHOTO: BIRD EXPLANATION Now UNTENABLE (Response to Bauer and Russell) (Comment on LeBlond and Collins, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 5 5-64) We found the comments by Bauer and Russell on the tzuchinoko very interesting, especially coming from professional herpetologists, which, to be

(Response to Bauer and Russell) (Comment on LeBlond and Collins, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 5 5-64) We found the comments by Bauer and Russell on the tzuchinoko very interesting, especially coming from professional herpetologists, which, to be quite honest, we are not. Nevertheless, we would like to dra

AYAKO DETHIER-SAKAMOTO Pontets 1 0 Grand Laney Ch- 1 2 1 2, Switzerland (Michel Dethier is an aquatic ecologist, and Ayako Dethier-Sakamoto is proficient in Japanese; they have been collecting all information available in

Pontets 1 0 Grand Laney Ch- 1 2 1 2, Switzerland (Michel Dethier is an aquatic ecologist, and Ayako Dethier-Sakamoto is proficient in Japanese; they have been collecting all information available in Japan on the supposed unknown snake tzuchinoko.)

(Comment on LeBlond and Collins, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 5 5-64) The laudable attempt by Paul LeBlond and Michael Collins to apply wave science to the Wilson photograph is flawed by one major defect, and perhaps They assume that the wind was blowing along the length of Loch Ness, with a fetch of abou

4, Dovecot Loan Edinburgh, Scotland EH1 4 2LT, U.K. (Steuart Campbell is an architect and a leading critic of the evidence for the Loch Ness Monster. His book, The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence, is reviewed elsewhere in this issue.)

(Response to Mackal and Campbell) FIG. 1 . - Depiction of angle of waves in relation to the shores of Loch Ness, indicating a west or northwesterly wind on April 1 9, 1 934. I would like to thank both Mackal and Campbell for their interest in our calculations of the size of Nessie from the length of

(Comment on Buffetaut, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 88-90) Buffetaut mentions the extraordinary case of the Beast of Gevaudan in his carefully considered book review of a work called Les Survivants de l 'Ombre. The Beast terrorized parts of southern France for approximately three years in the 1 8th centur

230 Wilton Drive Decatur, Georgia 30030, U.S.A. (Hugh Trotti is professionally retired. His main interest is the study of Eur asian animal legends and mythology.) MAD DOGS AND FRENCHMEN

(Response to Trotti) I am glad that Trotti has raised the question of the Beast of Gevaudan for further discussion in Cryptozoology, as this is, in my opinion, a major problem in historical cryptozoology. As Trotti rightly states, this mysterious animal (or animals) killed about

(Comment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 1 28-29) In his response, Groves introduces two new errors of such a serious nature that they cannot be allowed to pass uncorrected. He asserts that full docu mentation for the Yahoo is still awaited, and that, meanwhile, the interim picture lacks substanc

(Comment on Groves, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 1 2 8-29) With some hesitancy, I would like to address a statement made by Groves in his Response to Joyner (Graham C. Joyner, 1 9 8 7 , The Yahoo: A Possible Solution, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 1 2 5-2 8). First, I want to make it clear that I know little abo

OR, WAS PROTEUS A YAHOO? (Response to Joyner and Greenwell) Graham Joyner has taken me to task for ignoring the full documentation available on the Yahoo (or Yowie, or Australian hairy biped), and Richard Greenwell for possibly falling into a Type II error, i.e., overlooking anom

(Response to Joyner and Greenwell) Graham Joyner has taken me to task for ignoring the full documentation available on the Yahoo (or Yowie, or Australian hairy biped), and Richard Greenwell for possibly falling into a Type II error, i.e., overlooking anom alies, faint though they may be, and so mis

(Comment on Hewkin, Cryptozoology, Vol. 5 : 27-3 7; Vol. 6: 78-84) One achievement of ISC and its journal is incontestable: they enable professional biologists with an interest in cryptozoology to come into the open. The latest case in point is wildlife biologist James A. Hewkin, who has conducted S

(Comment on Zarzynski, Cryptozoology, Vol. 6: 7 1 -77) Project Champ Carcass put the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in the forefront of cryptozoological research in 1 9 8 7 . The activities of Joseph Zarzynski and his colleagues are broad-ranging: encompassing a vigorous effort to see

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Dmitri Baynov \ Paul H. LeBlond , Relict Hominoid Research Semihar Darwin MuseunY Moscow 1 1 9 4 3 5 , U .S.S.R.